Renal Compensation Acid Base Balance Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionAcid-base balance in the human organic structure refers to the ordinance of the free H ions present in the organic structure fluids [ 1 ] . This balance is important to the continuance of life as it influences many different systems and mechanisms in the organic structure. The mean pH of the blood when all the homeostatic controls are working efficaciously is 7.4. The pH of normal arterial blood is really 7.45 whereas the pH of normal venous blood is 7.35. This difference can be accounted for by the fact that when CO2 is picked up by tissue capillaries, this leads to the coevals of H2CO3. This in bend generates H+ doing the blood more acidic [ 1 ] . It is partially due to the actions of the kidneys which helps maintain the blood within theses rigorous bounds. All reactions affecting enzymes will necessitate that the pH of organic structure fluids remains within a narrow scope. The function of the kidneys in keeping this homeostasis is of import, but is seen as the â€Å" 3rd defense mechanism † , the first being the usage of chemical buffers in the organic structure and the 2nd being changes made in take a breathing which changes the pCO2 ( partial force per unit area of C dioxide ) and hence the concentration of H ions in organic structure fluids [ 2 ] . In this study, I will depict the changes that the kidneys make in seeking to modulate this balance, how the anatomy of the kidney maps to drive these mechanisms and the response of the kidneys when the organic structure experiences acidosis of alkalosis. Besides as portion of my study, I will discourse the effects that a high protein, low saccharide diet has on the acid-base balance of the organic structure, how this is later corrected utilizing nephritic homeostatic mechanisms, the possible nephritic pathology that can happen as a consequence, and the consequence this will hold on nephritic compensation of acid-base balance thenceforth.Important anatomy of the kidneyThe kidneys are the variety meats which are chiefly responsible for the production of urine, before it passes through the ureters to the urinary vesica in the pelvic girdle [ 3 ] . The kidneys are located within the right and left wing and situated retroperitoneally to the spinal column, between the spinal degrees of T12 to T13 [ 4 ] . The kidneys are about 11-14cm lengthwise and the kidney situated on the left side is found to be more inferior. The kidney consists of uriniferous tubule fractional monetary units, of which there are around 1million present [ 4 ] . But it is the internal constructions of the kidney which are of most involvement in relation to the care of acid-base balance ; peculiarly the function of the proximal tubule, type A and B intercalated cannular cells found in the distal and connecting tubules, and the peritubular capillaries. Figure 1 below is a diagram which depicts the cross-section of a kidney and the functional anatomy. [ 5 ] Blood is supplied to the kidneys through the nephritic arterias, which branch straight from the abdominal aorta. Branching occurs once more one time within the kidney. One group of these sub-branches are the interlobular arterias. These run through the nephritic cerebral mantle and subdivision once more to organize the sensory nerve glomerular arteriolas which supplies oxygenated blood to the glomerular capillary bed and besides, the motor nerve glomerular atrerioles. Within the nephritic cerebral mantle, some of these motorial glomerular arteriolas form the web of peritubular capillaries [ 4 ] . These capillaries can either have secreted ions from the intercalated cells, or they can pump ions into the nephritic cannular lms, from where they will be transferred into the urine [ 4 ] .Figure 2 below shows a simplified diagram of the uriniferous tubule, nevertheless efficaciously describes the chemical exchanges which take topographic point. [ 6 ] Intercalated cells Intercalated cannular cells are found in the epithelial tissue of the collection and distal tubules, along with chief cells. The cells found in these tubules, along with all other nephritic tubules are cubelike epithelial ( one exclusion is the lms of the thin limb of the cringle of henle where the cells are level ) . But it is entirely the intercalated cells involved in keeping acid-base balance. The intercalated cells can nevertheless be classified farther, into Type A and Type B. We are able to make this due the fact that these cells have different transporter proteins [ 7 ] . Type A intercalated cells – These cells are more active than type B and act in order to forestall a province of acidosis. This is done by 1 ) secernment of free H+ 2 ) resorption of HCO-3 3 ) Resorption of K+ [ 1 ] . Hydrogen ions are secreted from these cells via an H+/ATPase transporter, a proton pump, which actively secretes them. The Reabsorbtion of K+ ions occurs along side this procedure. It should besides be noted that the presence of aldosterone, which elevates the activity of the H+ -ATPase pump, increases the rate of H+ secernment. [ 4 ] Type B intercalated cells – These cells act in order to forestall a province alkalosis. This is done by Secretion of HCO-3 2 ) resorption of free H+ 3 ) secernment K+ . [ 1 ] Alternatively of the proton pump, these cells contain an H+-ATPase pump. This complex actively transports H+ ions back into the peritubular capillary from the nephritic cannular lms. But the most of import map of these cells is the secernment of HCO3- ions from the peritubular capillary into the nephritic cannular lms for elimination. This occurs in the apical membrane of the cell, where the HCO3- ions are exchanged across the membrane. The transporter through which HCO3- ions are exchanged is non the same as the pump that is utilised in type A intercalated cells. These cells work in sync in order to keep the right balance. Proximal tubule The cells found in this tubule are besides cubelike epithelial cells, nevertheless, these cells differ from the cells found in the nephritic tubules as they have a brush boundary line of microvilli [ 4 ] . This provides a larger entire surface country for the transportation of substances across the cell membranes. Many chondriosomes are besides seen in these cells histologically, in order to supply energy for procedures affecting active conveyance [ 7 ] . Physiologically, the proximal tubule has two chief functions. First, to resorb from the glomerulus any hydrogen carbonate ions which have been filtered. The proximal tubule is the chief site of bicarbonate resorption, with 85-90 % of the filtered hydrogen carbonate being reabsorbed here. Second, it is the primary site of ammonia production. The huge bulk of this production is done within the proximal tubule [ 8 ] . Both of these mechanisms will be discussed in more item in the undermentioned chapters.Nephritic mechanisms of acid-base balanceThe excess nephritic homeostatic mechanisms of acid-base ordinance consist of ; the pneumonic ordinance of pCO2 and buffer systems found in the blood and intracellularly. Interaction does take topographic point between these mechanisms and the action that the kidneys take in keeping acid-base balance [ 9 ] . There are three factors which are regulated by the kidneys refering acid-base balance: H+ elimination HCO-3 elimination NH3 secernment It should be noted that these factors are interrelated and there is no isolation when it comes to keeping their degrees in the plasma [ 1 ] . The purpose of the kidneys is to keep the physiological acid-base ratio of 1:20. This being the ratio between CO2 ( which becomes H2CO3 when dissolved in the plasma ) and HCO-3. Although the three factors mentioned above are physically changed, it is the concentration of HCO-3 which is ever altered during each mechanism, doing it the common denominator that influences plasma acid-base balance [ 10 ] . In a instance of acidosis or nearing acidosis, the buffers can merely make so much to battle the alteration in pH. The anatomy of the kidney involved in releasing H+ ‘s into the piss, in order to be ejected from the organic structure are the proximal, distal and roll uping tubules [ 1 ] . The anatomy of which is described above. These H ions are derived from CO2 found in one of three topographic points ; the plasma, the cannular fluid or fro m the intercalated tubular cells where it is synthesised due to metabolic procedures [ 1 ] . Bicarbonate ions are besides synthesised in the cannular cells from CO2 and H2O, and this reaction is catalysed by the enzyme carbonaceous anhydrase. But the kidney has two functions with respect to bicarbonate ions ; it is involved in the resorption of filtered hydrogen carbonate ions and the elimination of hydrogen carbonate that has been synthesised from its constituents.The site of this resorption within the kidney is found chiefly in the proximal tubule, but there is grounds of this taking topographic point at the distal and convoluting tubule and thick go uping limb of the henle [ 11 ] . At the nephritic atoms, Bicarbonate ions are easy filtered. But in order to forestall organic structure fluids from going greatly acidic, most of these ions must be reabsorbed [ 12 ] . This is the destiny of the huge bulk of these ions, with merely around 0.1 % being lost in the urine [ 9 ] . However as mentioned, the creative activity of new hydrogen carbonate ions occurs within the cannular c ells of the kidney. This procedure takes topographic point each clip there is 1 ) secernment of ammonium and 2 ) the elimination of acid. From the cannular cells, the hydrogen carbonate ions are absorbed into the peritubular lms. [ 13 ] Ammonium secernment is a utile manner in which the kidney can egest more H ions, as it does non affect the demand for organic buffers. The ammonium that is utilized is derived from the dislocation of protein. However as ammonium is toxic even at comparatively low degrees, in the liver, the ammonium ion is bound to a hydrogen carbonate ion in the signifier of either Urea or Glutamine. Once the glutamine is passed onto the proximal tubules in the kidney, the ammonium ion is released, ready for usage [ 9 ] . The demand for this ammonium is due to the fact that the kidneys can non overload the piss with H ions because the urine pH can non be decreased lower so 4.5. The ammonia Acts of the Apostless as a secondary buffer in this sense, along with a phosphate buffer, which is besides present in the cannular fluid [ 1 ] . The purpose of these mechanisms is to forestall the oncoming of acidosis or alkalosis. Acidosis and alkalosis can be classified, depending on which factor have been changed and the cause of this alteration. If the first alteration was in pCO2, either an addition or a lessening, the status will be known as either respiratory acidosis or alkalosis. Whereas if it is a alteration in hydrogen carbonate or H concentration, this will either be metabolic acidosis or alkalosis [ 14 ] The physiological effects of the pH of organic structure fluids rolling outwith the rigorous physiological bounds can hold body-wide systemic effects. For illustration ; fluctuations in the concentration of H ions can change the irritability of certain nerve cells. It besides can hold effects on enzyme activity and K+ degrees in the organic structure fluids [ 1 ] .Nephritic compensation of the systemic effects on acid-base balance, caused by a high protein, low saccharide diet.This diet has come into the public oculus as a manner of cut downing one ‘s organic structure weight, whilst still being able to bask nutrients that would usually be seen as inappropriate if one was on a diet. The construct behind the thought is the remotion of simple saccharides from the diet, and replacing them with high animate being protein nutrient ( e.g sausage and bacon ) [ 15 ] . It has been noted that the immediate alteration to this diet consequences in immediate weight loss. There is an lift in the rate of micturition, doing more Na to be lost, upsetting the balance of Na being taken in and Na being excreted. But the weight that is lost is due to H2O loss, non fat loss. The physiological response of aldosterone production brings the sodium/water balance back to normal [ 16 ] . In the longer term, the degree of saccharide consumed is reduced to the point where, if there was a farther decrease in the ingestion of saccharides, a province of ketonemia would follow. In a survey carried out by Reddy et Al. suggests that a decrease in carbohydrate consumption along with a high protein diet will ensue in â€Å" uncomplete oxidization of fat and attendant ketoanion production † [ 17 ] . The premiss behind this method of weight loss is that by cut downing the degree of saccharide available to the organic structure, fat will be oxidised in the liver to supply energy. In this state of affairs, it is the ketone organic structures produced by this oxidization of fatty acids that become the chief energy beginning [ 18 ] .Protein and carbohydrate metamorphosisAfter protein has been metabolised by the liver, Urea is later produced. The optimal status for urea elimination is when there are low degrees of ADH in the plasma, forestalling most of the resorption of urea by the collection tubules [ 9 ] . Dietary proteins which are ingested are broken down in the tummy by endo- and exopeptidases. The component amino acids are separated from one another by the dislocation of the peptide bonds. The amino acids are so taken up by enterocytes in the little bowel and transported to the blood stream [ 4 ] . The metamorphosis of sulphur-containing amino acids leads to the formation and construct up of ions which have an consequence on acid-base balance ( Cl, P, SO4 ) [ 20 ] . The ground that sulphur incorporating amino acids lead to an increased acid burden is that the oxidization of sulfur to sulphate green goodss protons. Therefore, an addition in protein intake consequences in an addition in the acid burden in the kidneys, due to the oxidization in the liver of aminic acids incorporating sulfur. The organic structure ab initio responds with an addition in the net acid elimination, a lessening in the degree of bicarbonate ions excreted and an addition in GFR ( Glomerular filtration rate ) which later leads to an addition in ammonium elimination. The GFR is thought to increase due to a primary addition in nephritic capillary permeableness [ 19 ] . This is a reaction to an addition in the degrees of N, due to amino acerb dislocation. However this mechanism is non plenty and as a consequence, blood urea N degrees addition. As the GFR additions, more energy is required by the kidney in order to go on to work efficaciously. In the kidney, the energy beginning is the amino acerb glutamine. The rate of its metamorphosis is increased, ensuing in an addition in the degree of ammonium hydroxide ( NH3 ) produced. As the acerb burden of the kidney and therefore figure of proton has increased, ammonium hydroxide, which has the ability to accept protons is released by cannular cells. The a mmonia ions are oxidised to ammonium and extra protons are hence excreted in the piss in the signifier of ammonium. Increased degrees of acid and NH4+ are found in the piss, whereas the degree of bicarbonate ions beads expectedly. However, it should be noted that, as in response to any cause of increased nephritic acid burden, the cardinal stimulation for amminogenesis is the lessening in urinary pH. In some instances, the extent of ammonium elimination can do a ample urinary pH addition [ 20 ] . When saccharides are ingested as portion of the diet, the saccharides are usually found as polyoses. Starch and animal starch are normally obtained chiefly from works beginnings and meat severally. One of the other saccharides found in dietetic consumption, although less common, are the disaccharides. These larger units are broken down during digestion into their constituents. This is chiefly glucose. As a simple sugar, this can be easy absorbed by the enterocytes in the little bowel [ 1 ] . The lessening in dietetic saccharides is instituted in order to do protein the primary beginning of energy, leting fatty acerb oxidization and ketone organic structure formation.Nephritic pathology as a consequence of a high protein, low saccharide dietAs has been discussed, an addition in the degree of dietetic protein ingested increases the acerb burden in the kidneys. This addition can take to different abnormalcies and pathologies happening within the kidneys. Ketosis is associated with a hig h-protein, low-carbohydrate diet when there is drastic lowering of the saccharide consumption. As mentioned antecedently, ketone organic structures are produced upon oxidization of fatty acids. These build up in the blood watercourse. As the saccharide handiness has decreased, the organic structure becomes more and more dependent on fat shops as an energy supply, constructing up the degrees of ketone organic structures. This is seen as a plus point of the diet, as an increased figure of ketone organic structures leads to a loss of appetency. Ketosis has several complications which affect different systems in the organic structure. Some of which are desiccation, irregularity and a inclination to organize kidney rocks. More inauspicious affects include lipemia, faulty neutrophil map, ocular neuropathy and osteoporosis. The mechanisms of which will be discussed in more item [ 21 ] . It has been suggested by Frassetto et Al. that due to a normal western diet, people are predisposed to a long-run, but low class acidosis. This is seen to be amplified in older people, where there is frequently a deterioration of kidney map and the kidney is unable to cover with an increased acid burden. This can frequently take to instances of metabolic acidosis. The underlying mechanism of this induced status is the increasing inefficiency of acerb elimination by the kidneys, and a lessening in the resorption of filtered hydrogen carbonate [ 22 ] . In the survey conducted by Frassetto et Al. analyzing the production of endogenous carbonaceous acids and the degrees of K and protein ions the diet, it was found that there was a strong nexus between carnal protein uptake and nephritic net acid elimination. This was non nevertheless found with vegetable protein. This reinforces the fact it is the consumption of sulphur-containing amino acids which has a greater affect on nephritic acid burden. The figure of sulfur incorporating aminic acids in veggie is much more varied [ 22 ] . There are some surveies which suggest that a high-protein diet can be connected with chronic kidney disease, due to the strain placed upon the kidney by such as diet. The cause of which is cited as the kidney being overworked when covering with some of the by merchandises of protein metamorphosis, for illustration the addition in Urea elimination, and holding to get by with an increased GFR [ 23 ] . Chronic kidney disease can be defined as a state of affairs â€Å" when the maps of the kidneys have been so reduced by a chronic disease procedure † [ 24 ] . This may be seen as a consequence of the cumulative effects of a high-protein diet. However it should be noted that there is difference among different surveies as to the badness of such a disease and which symptoms would be present, if it were to happen. In chronic nephritic failure, the status can be exacerbated by a continued high-protein diet as this can take to increased keeping of certain ions, such as K or phosphate, which are released upon digestion of protein rich nutrients. If the patient besides has a instance of acidosis, this would decline a province of hyperkalaemia. The K found within cells is replaced with H ions, let go ofing more potassium ions into the organic structure fluids [ 24 ] . This is an illustration of how chronic kidney disease can come on due to increased kidney emphasis, brought about by an increased acid burden associated with a high protein diet. Many surveies have now found a nexus between high-protein consumption and osteoporosis. The thought is centred on the fact that a high degree of protein in the diet leads to hypercalciuria, or high degrees of Ca in the piss. One of the beginnings of this Ca is from the soaking up of dietetic Ca in the bowel. However, this addition is non big plenty to propose that this is the ground for hypercalcinuria. It is believed that the beginning of this Ca is bone and hence as a consequence, there is a lessening in skeletal mass. One of the theories to explicate this provinces that, due to the increased acid burden that consequences, nephritic handling of this burden through amminogenesis is non plenty. Calcium arising from the skeleton is released to be utilised as a buffer, before being excreted in the urine [ 21 ] . In the survey carried out by Frassetto et Al. in 2000 which looked at the hip break incidence ( HFI ) rate per 100,000 in adult females aged over 50 from states where per capit a nutrient ingestion information was available, found that â€Å" HFI in adult females over 50 is straight correlated with carnal protein ingestion † [ 22 ] . It should be noted nevertheless that there are surveies which suggest that a low-protein diet leads to a loss of bone-density. A survey done by Hannan et Al. found that â€Å" lower degrees of protein intake were associated with significantly higher rates of bone loss at the hip and spinal column † [ 25 ] . Specific nephritic pathology can be associated with this diet. One illustration is the oncoming of renal lithiasis or the presence of kidney rocks [ 26 ] . As already mentioned, one of the side-effects of a high-protein diet is hypercalicuria. This is a hazard factor for renal lithiasis. Animal protein consumption is linked with other factors which besides increase the hazard. These include ; a lessening in the soaking up of base from the GI piece of land, taking to a lessening of citrate elimination in the piss. As with many jobs associated with a high-protein diet, low saccharide consumption merely worsens the state of affairs. A lower consumption of fruit and veggies reduces dietetic beginnings of base.DecisionThe kidneys and nephritic system are responsible for a broad assortment of maps impacting multiple systems around the organic structure. In relation to acid-base balance, although the kidneys act in concurrence with other mechanisms to keep acid-base homeostasis, they must b e working usually in order withstand even infinitesimal alterations in organic structure fluid pH, caused by pathology or diet. Although the actions of the kidney in acid-base ordinance can be categorised depending on the how the concentration of three chief ions are changed, in order for the mechanisms affecting these to be fulfilled, many different but specific chemical reactions affecting many different countries of nephritic anatomy and biochemical substrates have to take topographic point. Physiological ordinance of acid-base balance can be greatly altered by an addition in dietetic protein intake, the effects of which are merely exacerbated by reduced saccharide consumption. Although the negative effects of such a diet were clear in all the diaries and text editions I have referenced, there is still elucidation needed as to the specific mechanisms of secondary pathology obtained after nephritic handling of this increased acid burden has diminished.

Acct451 Week 3

Companies Should not be Held Liable for Losses Sustained in a Successful Attack Made on Their AIS by Outside Sources. ACCT451 2013 I argue against the statement† Companies should not be held liable for losses sustained in a successful attack made on their AIS by outside sources. † There are several reasons for my contention. The Accounting Information Systems has been used by businesses to improve their recording, processing, and reporting of accounting information.At the same time it is the responsibility of the companies to adequately protect their information systems from outside sources. Since, the company benefits and consequently profits from the use of accounting information system, it should bear the losses that arise from attacks on the accounting information system. The argument in favor of the contention is that the accounting information system not only processes financial transactions to provide internal reports to managers but also does external reporting to outside parties such as stockowners, government and lenders.Since, it is essential that the accounting information system should be accessed by outsiders the system is particularly vulnerable to outside attacks (1). Still the onus of the security of its accounting information system clearly lies with the company and not with anyone else. It is a part of the business risk of a company. Consider the following example, a company maintains five distribution centers throughout the country. Each of these distribution centers may be attacked by robbers and looted. Who bears the loss?It is part of the business risk. The company cannot refuse to bear the losses. Similarly, if a company truck carrying goods to or from the company premises is attacked by robbers and is plundered, the company is responsible for the loss. It is another matter that the company may take out an insurance and the insurance company makes good the losses. However, the fact remains that the company pays premium for in surance and had there been no insurance, the company would have been forced to pay for the losses (2).The current accounting information systems bring tremendous benefits to companies. These generate several types of useful reports for the company, the company does not have to employ clerks to manually process accounting data, with a touch of a button information is generated, there are tremendous savings in costs, there is automatic payment and generation of important accounting documents, and there is efficiency in processing information. These benefits reduce costs for the companies and improve efficiency but come at a cost.One of the elements of the cost is that the accounting information system may be attacked from outside sources. Since the company enjoys these benefits, it must suffer the costs ( loss because of outside attack). A firm whose warehouses get destroyed by hurricanes do not absolve themselves of their losses because the hurricane is an outside source. Similarly, during war the premises of a firm may get bombed or hit by a missile, yet the company has to bear the loss (3). If an accounting information system is hit by outside sources there is a danger of fraud, virus attacks, or hackers.These risks have to be borne by the business as a part of its normal business risks. Further it is the responsibility of the company to maintain the highest level of security for its accounting information system. The physical security should be fool proof, authentication system should be the most advanced, virus protection should be the latest, and backup should be done at a safe place outside the premises. Such measures are required to ensure that attacks on the accounting information system like identity theft and loss of irreplaceable data do not take place.There are some institutions that are particularly vulnerable to outside attacks. For instance, the banks are vulnerable to outside attacks where the attackers seek to pilfer money using confidential in formation. In such cases, higher levels of authentication, and information security should be used. The fact that banks and financial institutions provide accounting information system based services, is a source of profits, these institutions are responsible for losses sustained by them (4).One of the most important features of most accounting information systems is the controls over the system and the security measures that the company implements If the company is not held responsible for the losses sustained by it because of outside attacks the company will avoid its responsibility for controls and security. It is also important that the quality of software used, the backup of data, and the people who are authorized to access the accounting information system are checked and tested.If the company is not held responsible for losses because of outside attacks the company will become lax in its essential functions related to the accounting information system. References: (1)Accounti ng Information Systems, Ulric J. Gelinas, Richard B. Dull E8 Cengage Learning, 2009 (2)Accounting Information Systems James A. Hall E6, Cengage Learning, 2008 (3)Accounting Information Systems Marshall B. Romney, Paul John Steinbart E10, Prentice Hall, 2005 (4)Information System Management, Ankita Bansal, Gyan Publishing House, 2002

Should Richard M. Nixon visit Red China?

That is an interesting question to which one could offer many good reasons to both sides of the argument. However, to fully examine the decision made, one would have to look at many of the background information surrounding the voyage. This includes; Nixon's popularity with America as well as the Vietnam War, which at that time had yet to be resolved, America's relationship with the Soviet Union, America's relationship with Taiwan and the Republic of China, the relationship between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China, America's past relations with China as well as their distrust on Communism, and China's relationship with the world. After studying each of these, one can form a decision of whether Nixon should or should not go to Red China. Richard Nixon was an extremely unpopular president. This was primarily due to the war in Vietnam that he didn't even get America into. However, while he was not the one who got America into Vietnam he had the important job of getting America out, a task, which would take him four years, four years of discontent in America. Nixon had decided to invade Cambodia, which had been completely off-limits, however the Communist troops had been using it as a rest area and supply base1. While the invasion itself was a successful operation it caused havoc back in the United States. As demonstrated when 100,000 protesters showed up in Washington D. C. to demonstrate their anger with the decision of invasion2. Nixon's policy of â€Å"Vietnamization†3, which included training Vietnamese soldiers to replace American soldiers, worked well and by 1971 has sent many American troops back to the United States. At the same time Nixon also had his right-hand man Henry Kissinger in secret discussion with North Vietnamese forces, discussing peace negotiations. America and North Vietnam reached a ceasefire agreement on January 27, 1973, which officially withdrew Americans from Vietnam and allowed them to achieve â€Å"peace with honor†4. The war itself however, did not end until April 29, 1975. This war had a large effect on Nixon's decision to visit Red China as China had been supporting the Communist North Vietnam forces throughout the war, while America had been in Vietnams fighting against them, supporting the Southern side. This created another time for Americans to show their dislike and distrust of Communism. However, China was a powerful country and if America could make good relations with them it would help to keep negotiations strong between the North Vietnam and America. Therefore, the war in Vietnam was an important thing to consider when deciding whether Nixon should visit the Communist, Red China. America had not always had a very strong relationship with the Soviet Union. Two of the world superpowers had been at constant fear of attack by each other during the Cold War. This Cold War came about for many reasons, two being, Truman's desire to stop the spread of communism5, and the atomic weapons that each country had. However, the most important factor that created this Cold War was fear. Each country had large, irrational fears of the other, the Americans feared another dictator trying to take over the world, and the Soviets feared a powerful invader6. The Americans had a monopoly on the atomic weapons, and weren't sharing their secrets; this alarmed the Soviets and prompted them to make atomic weapons of their own. Each country was unsure of what the other had, thus creating the constant suspicion. Also feeding this fear was propaganda that each country used. In America politicians were constantly telling the American public about the terrors of Communists and how everyone was in danger because of the evil Soviet Communists planning an attack7. The Cold War was an important thing for Nixon to consider because it was still going on and America had been expressing hated toward Communists since the beginning. Visiting China would be good though because it could speed up the end of the Cold war that they were stuck in. Also recognizing a Communist country that was so close to the Soviet Union would be handy for intelligence purposes, as they would be closer to the enemy and could get a better idea of what was going on, it could also make the war less between Communism and America and focused on the Soviet Union and America. The relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union eventually did ease up slightly. This started in 1952 when Nikita Kruschev paid a visit to America with talks of â€Å"peaceful coexistence† between the two countries8. At the time that he did this he had begun to see his ally China as more of an enemy than America was9. Also at the time the Soviets had, had recent victory over the Americans with the success of the Sputnik satellite, two years prior to the visit. This visit did not create any drastic change or movements towards peace between the two countries, however it was one good step in the direction towards â€Å"peaceful coexistence†. This meeting would be a good reason for Nixon to go to China as it shows that two countries that believe and practice completely different forms of government can still meet and recognize one another. He would want to take pointers from this meeting of good things that Kruschev did while visiting America and expand upon those so that his meeting in China would not only be successful but productive as well, something that Kruschev's visit was not. During the Cultural Revolution American aided the Nationalist, Republic of China, by giving them nearly 1 billion dollars worth of weapons and other necessities10. America pressured the Nationalist party, led by Chiang to accept some of Stalin's demands, such as the use of northern ports to expand the Russian economy. By them meeting these demands they were given full Soviet support, and were recognized by both America and the Soviet Union as the only China11. Having Americans helping the Nationalists very much upset the Communist party, and they ceased peace talks. Then Chaing's army completely disregarded some advice given by General Marshall, whom was later made the Secretary of State. When Marshall became the secretary of state he would not allow America to further heavily involve itself with the Cultural Revolution. The Korean War was the first time that American and Communist forces had the opportunity to compete. American forces were helping South Korea from the invading, communist North Korean troops. China had never intended on entering into the war, however when American forces continued to get too close to their border in the intent of taking over North Korea, instead of just helping South Korea in keeping their territory. China had sent out warnings to them, not to get close and so when America got too close, Chou En-lai, the Chinese premier sent out masses of troops, which easily surrounded American and South Korean troops12. Nixon would have wanted to consider this event before going to China because it was another event in which the Americans were fighting against Communism as well as the Chinese. However, it would be good to go to China because then Nixon would be able to show the world that America was not a sore loser, that despite being brutally attacked by the Chinese they were still able to make relations and work towards peace and prosperity together. The People's Republic of China and the Republic of China had a very poor relationship ever since their split after the Cultural Revolution. The ROC got Taiwan as their mainland as well as two small islands, Quemoy and Matsu13. These two islands were very close to the mainland of PRC's China, which was a fact that had always irked Mao. Mao tried to take the islands by force with his military, however unfortunately he was unsuccessful as the ROC had America to support them and Mao had no one as the Soviet Union had not come in time. This was a small event, yet it would be another thing for Nixon to look at. It would be a good thing for America to recognize Red China, as it would be a form of apology for fighting against them previously with their enemy the ROC. It would show that America has realized which China is the true China, which is something that would please Mao and would make him more likely to be open to trade with America. After the Cultural Revolution in China the issue of their seat in the United Nations Security Council arose. After World War two the UN was created and five of the powerful, victorious countries were placed into permanent seats on the Security Council. These were the Soviet Union, France, Great Britain, the United States, and China. When China split the People's Republic felt that they should replace the Republic of China on the Security Council as they now represented China. This did not go over well with the United States, who did not want more Communist countries on the council, also the United States were allies of the Nationalist China. An early solution was dual representation, however Mao refused to sit next to another China, as this gives the idea that there were two Chinas, when he was so adamant that his China was the only one. 14 Albania then proposed to admit the People's Republic of China into the UN, and they were successful in getting the votes. This got Taiwan out of the Security Council and the People's Republic in15. The Americans were unhappy about the results, as they had lost face when everyone voted against Nixon's proposal of dual representation. It would be a good thing for Nixon to go to China and recognize them because it would show that they were still a strong country and that they were ready to move past this one incident. By moving past it they would be able to work together and agree on things, which would be good for both of them to have allies as the more allies a country has the more powerful they become. Americans, had for a long time completely distrusted all things Communist. The American government used propaganda often to portray to the American public how scary and evil Communists are. They were mostly stories that they built off of the Soviet totalitarian system16. They did this propaganda through books, pamphlets, comics, films, and radio throughout the entire Cold War. The American people were forced to believe that China was a part of this world wide Communist conspiracy to overthrow American power and destroy Western Democracy. Movies were a popular way of propaganda, as it could show with full images how bad the Communists were such as â€Å"Red Nightmare: The Commies are Coming†. Movies, such as that one show Communists coming to America and just destroying everything that made America run. Not all the movies made to demonstrate the evil of Communists had to be just about them, in the James Bond movies filmed throughout the Cold War feature Russians as the bad guy and Bond coming to save the day18, this movie was not about Communism, it just found a very subtle way to further demonstrate that Communists are bad. Since all the propaganda was fed by the government, Nixon visiting China, a Communist country would be a good first step into changing the views of the American people towards Communists. While America would not need to switch and become a pro-Communism country they could start to settle the dispute against Communist countries. If America could make alliances with a powerful Communist country that could make other Communist countries like them. The United States and the Republic of China had, had amicable past relations. America had traded with the Republic of China, mostly weapons for years and continued to do so after their split from the Mainland China. The United States really helped Taiwan get started shortly after it formed it's own China. They did this through enforcing it's military so that in the event of an attack by the People's Republic of China, they would be well protected. They also traded with them so that their economy could get going and perhaps gain them some relationships with other countries in the world. This relationship between Taiwan and the United States is something that Nixon would have wanted to consider before going over to the People's Republic of China. This is because Mao was still completely refusing to speak the Republic of China, because he hated the idea of Two Chinas. In Taiwan they refused to talk to he People's Republic until they were no longer a Communist country. By going to Red China Nixon would not necessarily be apologizing to Mao and Chou En-lai about what happened in the past, but would rather be moving on and working towards an alliance, with which they can help each other in becoming even more powerful. In conclusion, America should recognize the People's Republic of China. The decision would have taken a lot of consideration but all the good things that would come out of the decision would heavily out-weigh anything negative. Visiting Red China would be a big step in the right direction and would help out the United States in many ways. So despite the American hated for all things Communist an official visit to Communist China would be a very good thing to do.

Telemedicine Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Telemedicine Project - Essay Example On the specifications, there are very specific demands that the outfit seeking to go into telemedicine must provide. Examples of these specifications include Once an outfit is ready to provide all of these requirements and meet the criteria spelt above, it can be considered for the practice of telemedicine. Generally, these requirements are in place, given the fact that they help in ensuring that there is the standardization of practice in a manner that protects and guides the interest and needs of patients and the general public (USPMC, 2002). They are also in place to ensure that the execution of telecommunication is done in a manner that can guarantee the safety of service providers (Zur, 2014). Whereas there are requirements and criteria to identify what people and organizations must have in place in order to practice telemedicine in the U.S, there are also laws and regulations that control the practice of telemedicine after all requirements have been met and practice has been set rolling (APA., 2011). Overall, there about 10 areas of legal and regulations areas that are focused on in the U.S. These include Under each of these areas, the Center for Telehealth and E-Health Law, the Federation of State Medical Boards, and the Federal Office for the Advancement of Telehealth ensures that there are separate legal provisions provided to service providers to ensure that they provide service practice that are in line and in accordance with the fundamental legal protection of both patients and the health service. In terms of licensure, the regulation ensures that people have the right license to operate before they do so. All regulations on fraud seek to protect the public against any cases and incidence of fraud. The food and drug administration regulations and also ensures that the provision of any form of medicine is valid and safe. Issues on security also ensure that there is maximum guarantee on the

Organizational Theories to Enhance the Performance of Individuals and Essay - 1

Organizational Theories to Enhance the Performance of Individuals and Groups - Essay Example From the classical theories, performance could be realized after the division of labor, to develop specialization and departments of different tasks to be carried out by different groups of people. This enhances quality output according to the expected standards. Motivation through monetary means and management functions in enhancing performance are also elaborated. The modern organizational theories put across ways of changing the organizational structure and developing the human potential as effective ways to spur performance. Performance is one critical area that managers should be sensitive towards, so as to benefit the organization. It is a domain that challenges managerial functions and its success or failure extends to be felt in other linked sections of the organization. Hence, the management has to come up with logical and focused initiatives to enhance performance and overcome the challenges in implementation and performance management. Organisations have their authority, c ulture, information and the acquired knowledge, as well as the motivational coordinated mechanisms to achieve their objectives. Often, the organization structure could vary from one another with some working with the formal line of management, while others are less formal; as a result, they differ in hierarchical structures and strictness in compliance to objectives. However, with the current trends of globalization, managers have to be keen and tactical to address the organizations problems in performance and decision making. This is because the markets, productions, sales and distribution in dealing with goods and services have become very competitive. Due to these factors, management has been categorized in different levels to lead in specific sections, such that the coordinated efforts of different managers.

Research information analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research information analysis - Essay Example The health diet that is used to treat diabetes is manly made up of the sugar free foods and drinks. Therefore, to understand the treatment of diabetes, through the application of health diets, then undertaking a study regarding the sugar free foods and drinks becomes necessary, which is the basis of this study. The importance of undertaking this research is to understand sugar free food and drinks, regarding how they can be applied as health diet for the treatment of diabetes, overweight and obesity. The research also seeks to help the manufacturers understand the market available for the sugar free products, in that, through a clear understanding of the market, then, they will target this market in producing their products, by availing those products that perfectly suits their target market. Sugar free foods and drinks have most of the sugar substance in foods, sucrose, replaced with other sugar substitutes. This way, the sugar free food s and drinks are deemed appropriate not only for their use as health diet for the treatment of diabetes, but also for their role is assisting weight loss and reducing chances of obesity (Metcalfe, 2007 p18). The difference between the foods and drinks suitable for the treatment of diabetes and the normal foods is in the fact that, these food stuffs should be low in energy content, consists of carbohydrates that are easily absorbed and have a higher fructose content, than is necessary for the normal foods (Blades, 1993 p6). Thus, the observed increase in the trends of preference and consumption of sugar free foods and drinks have emanated from the concern for the role of sugar in causing diabetes, overweight and obesity. According to the theory of consumer behavior, consumers follow a given process in making purchase decisions. They perceive the need for a product, evaluates available information, in this case, such as the pro and cons of sugar free foods, and their relationship to diabetes and weight

Identify an issue which you think is important in the British Essay

Identify an issue which you think is important in the British Education system today. In what way can sociology help us understa - Essay Example However, evidence suggests that there exists racial inequality in the UK educational system (DFES, 2005) with the most affected groups being ethnic minority pupils of Black, Irish Travelers and Gypsy/Roma heritages. The evidence shows that pupils from these racial backgrounds perform poorly in schools compared to their counterparts from other ethnic groups, a situation that has long-term implications on their future. Efforts by various stakeholders to find a way of breaking this chain of inequality, educational underachievement and restricted life chances continue to remain a fundamental challenge. Although the UK policymakers and practitioners have come up with wide ranging attempts to alleviate this problem, the desired impact is yet to be achieved. This paper looks at racial inequality in the UK educational system and tries to explain the phenomenon though the lenses of theories of sociology at an attempt to understand the causes. Moreover, the paper outlines evidence that suggest s racial inequality still exists in the educational system